R&D Magazine Blogs

Rdmag.com - Blogs

Carbon sequestration: the ethanol of the next decade?

(Paul Livingstone) Permanent link

Paul Headshot with Name and Title 

The climate change bill has become the poor cousin of health care this summer, but that may soon change. After the EPA issued its “endangerment finding” earlier this year and the Waxman-Markey bill passed a House vote in June, loyalties have been aggressively asserted. The oil and gas lobby is battling what it sees as the legislated decline of U.S. refining capacity. Environmental groups are anticipating their biggest coup since the 1970s. And the U.S. Chamber of Commerce is seeking its own Scopes trial with the EPA over the science behind climate change. Clearly, a messy battle is brewing.

Even as this is happening, the Obama administration is pushing carbon control strategies forward through other, more direct, ways. Just yesterday, a few million dollars were committed toward carbon sequestration training programs. It’s a small but significant gesture. Not only does funding for knowledge-based programs get the ball rolling in the event of the bill’s passage, it suggests a future series of tax breaks and other incentives to folks who want to get into the carbon business.

Let’s just get used to it: carbon sequestration may well be the ethanol of the two-thousand-teens. Makers of analytical instruments everywhere seem to have an eye toward the business of greenhouse gas detection. Several of the 2009 R&D 100 Awards winners are related to the detection and management of industrial carbon emissions.

These include NETL’s carbon detector that is able to find sequestration leaks, and two new solutions for catching carbon itself: a point-source hydrate-based method for controlling industrial emissions from Los Alamos National Laboratory, and a solid-state clay sorbent that’s also from NETL. And then there’s Battelle. One of their highest-profile product deployments of late is a carbon dioxide detector capable of determining the partial pressure—known as pCO2—of CO2 in the ocean and atmosphere. This is an important metric for understanding the global ocean uptake of atmospheric CO2.

So as political (if not scientific) consensus builds over the reality of human-generated climate change, technology companies large and small will jump into the mix. But just as ethanol had its problems—competition with food crops, low energy per square acre for corn-based production—carbon sequestration also has its failings.

One is that because there is no direct economic impact of storing carbon (it won’t actually produce anything useful, unless we find a way to use porous rock filled with CO2), the artificial system of carbon credits has to work as advertised. Another problem is that the bill, which does address other greenhouse gases, can’t possibility cover the gamut of contributing factors, such the natural release of hydrates, the cycles of solar energy, the global shifting of ecosystems, and the other things humans do to change their environment, such as population growth, overfishing, release of ozone-depleting nitrogen oxides, heavy-metal mining, mercury emissions, and decomposing plastics. The list obviously goes on.

I kind of like the fact that humanity is making its first attempts to manage its own climate atmosphere. Carbon sequestration alone probably won’t work. But if we can get over our technological provincialism and begin putting solutions together that are free of the political process, someday we will manage what is, for the time being, unmanageable.



Actually we have a use for something even better than porous rocks filled with CO2, its called biochar. And it's a natural or man-made product. In the spring when farmers burn off the dead grass in the road side ditches, the black residue is not ash. Ash is grey. The black residue is biochar, charcoal made from biological material.

On the great plains of North America, the natural grass wildfires left this biochar and it accumulated over thousands of years, helping to create some of the most productive agricultural land in the world. If not pyrolyzed, the grass litter is acted on by microbes and nearly 100% of the carbon is returned to the atmosphere in 5 years. If pyrolyzed during the grass fire, about 25% of the carbon removed from the atmosphere during the photosynthesis remains as biochar. Biochar is chemically stable in the soil for hundreds and perhaps thousands of years. It has been effectively returned to the lithosphere.

This natural process can be part of modern agriculture. Agricultural waste can be pyrolyzed producing biochar. The biochar when mixed with compost and added to forest or farmland dramatically increases the fertility the soils. The biochar acts as reservoir for both water and fertilizer. The soil tolerates droughts better and less fertilizer needs to be added which means less fertilizer leaches past the root zone to contaminate ground water.

The process of pyrolyzation is exothermic. This released heat can be used for heating and perhaps for the generation of electricity.

So agriculture can be done in a carbon-negative fashion. This isn’t just carbon-neutral, but actually carbon-negative. More carbon stored as charcoal in the soil than was released to grow the food. This can create a new product for farmers to sell, the biochar. It might allow farmers to generate and sell clean electricity.

On August 9 – 12, 2009, in Boulder, CO, there was the first North American Biochar Conference. The Secretary of Agriculture, Tom Vilsack, spoke at it. He summed up the potential of biochar nicely. It can provide a new source of income for rural areas. It can help reduce our dependence on foreign oil. It can help ecologically dispose of our agricultural waste. It can make help rebuild the topsoil of our farmlands. And it can remove carbon which is already in the atmosphere (carbon-negative), not just remove carbon we are currently putting into the atmosphere (carbon-neutral).

Perhaps the recent trends in climate are not human caused global warming. Perhaps it is all normal changes we just aren’t clever enough to predict. Maybe the expansion of the great deserts and the melting of the ice caps are all natural. After all, we still don’t have consensus on what caused the Medieval Warm Period or the Little Ice Age. But wouldn’t it be nice if we were clever enough to find economical ways to control climate (even if it was a natural cycle) and we could prevent the wars and epidemics and extinctions that come with climate change (human or naturally caused).

We are that clever, and it is in the production of biochar. But the success of biochar depends on research and also on the energy bill that congress will pass this year. Congress controls too much money to be able to do the research needed in the timeframe needed with out their help. Instead of another government dole out, this can be a win/win/win situation. And we need all the help we can get to help Congress pass a bill which allows this to happen. Perhaps you can help. For more information, I recommend starting at http://www.biochar-international.org/. Let me know if I can be of any other help to you.
Posted by: Doug at 8/28/2009 11:25 PM


Carbon sequestration is easily the most stupid concept yet. Putting all that carbon into the ground will take a lot of energy (creating more carbon yet) and in the end it will all come out of the ground and into the atmosphere again.

It is obvious to me we have to concentrate on technologies that generate less carbon in the first place: solar, renewables, nuclear.

philippe yatsenko
Posted by: pyatsenko at 8/29/2009 4:53 PM


Dear Philippe, you're not listening. Biochar production is energy positive, carbon negative. It puts more carbon into the ground than it releases. Biochar removes carbon from the air and puts it in a stable form in the ground. And it is stable for hundreds to thousands of years, And it's good for the soil. Most carbon sequestration is not like this. I am trying to define the differences here so that biochar is not lumped in with other carbon sequestration technologies and dissed unfairly.

Doug Iverson
Posted by: Doug at 8/29/2009 5:23 PM


We should be growing bamboo and converting it into biochar. That would significantly speed up the sequestration process.
Posted by: Harold Kinney at 8/29/2009 8:18 PM


What a waste of human intelligence. Let's all believe that global warming (if it truly is happening) is caused by humans. Let all gather around the altar of praise to mother earth. Really, we need to look at organic processes that give positive net energy but let's not use the idiot global warming canard to sequester carbon. Governmental bodies here in the Midwest have created an energy negative system for producing ethanol from corn driven from the likes of people that are responding here.
Again what a waste of human intelligence...
Posted by: Daryl at 9/1/2009 1:50 PM


Let me add, this article demonstrates the product of this recondite discussion….

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/6118113/Britain-facing-blackouts-for-first-time-since-1970s.html
Posted by: Daryl at 9/1/2009 2:02 PM


Register or log in to comment on this blog!

New To Market

more

P2i showcases liquid repellent nano-coating for hearing aids
P2i showcases liquid repellent nano-coating for hearing aids

At the AudiologyNOW! 2010 show in San Diego next month, UK-based coatings company P2i will display their relatively new Aridion liquid-repellant nano-coating. Designed for exposure to humidity or sweat, the polymer layer is applied by a pulsed ion gas process that lower’s the hearing aid’s surface energy, coaxing water away from delicate components.

Submersible FlowCAM catches particle images and data in-situ and real-time

Fluid Imaging Technologies recently introduced its Submersible FlowCAM particle and cell imaging and analysis system at Ocean Sciences 2010 in Portland, Ore. The remote sensing platform can be used for continuous, unattended monitoring tethered to research vessels or autonomous submersibles.

Tools & Technology

more

Benchtop NMR analyzer
Benchtop NMR analyzer

Oxford Instruments America, Inc.’s Magnetic Resonance Group released the second generation of its MQC analyzers.

Software solution for microarray image analysis

BioDiscovery Inc. released ImaGene 9.0 for microarray image analysis. The new features include improved memory performance for the latest high density arrays, streamlined processing pipeline focused on image quantification and intensity extraction, and new modular design with options to add modules for analysis of gene/miRNA expression or CGH data.

Advertisement

Advertisement